• Ratio Analysis: Ratio Analysis refers to analysis of financial statements through computation of ratios. The most commonly used ratios used by organisations can be classified into the following categories:

1. Liquidity Ratios: Liquidity ratios are calculated to determine short-term solvency of business. Analysis of current position of liquid funds determines the ability of the business to pay the amount due to its stakeholders. 

2. Solvency Ratios: Ratios which are calculated to determine the long-term solvency of business are known as solvency ratios. Thus, these ratios determine the ability of a business to service its indebtedness.

3. Profitability Ratios: These ratios are calculated to Analyse the profitability position of a business. Such ratios involve analysis of profits in relation to sales or funds or capital employed. 

4. Turnover Ratios: Turnover ratios are calculated to determine the efficiency of operations based on effective utilization of resources. Higher turnover means better utilisation of resources.

• PERT PERT and CPPM PERT:(Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) and CPM (CriticalPath Method) are important network techniques useful in planning and controlling. These techniques are especially useful for planning, scheduling and implementing time bound projects involving performance of a variety of complex, diverse and interrelated activities. These techniques deals with time scheduling and resource allocation for these activities and aims at effective execution of projects within given time schedule and structure of costs.
• Managemment Audit: Management audit refers to systematic appraisal of the overall performance of the management of an organisation. The purpose is to review the efficiency and effectiveness of management and to improve its performance in future periods. It is helpful in identifying the deficiencies in the performance of management functions.