(1) Return on Investment: Return on Investment (ROI) is a financial metric used to evaluate the profitability of an investment. It measures the gain or loss generated on an investment relative to the amount of money invested.

(2) Budgetary Control: Budgetary control involves the process of establishing budgets, comparing actual results with the budgeted figures, and taking corrective actions to ensure that the objectives of the business are met. It is an essential modern technique used for controlling and managing costs within an organization.

(3) Personal Observation: Personal observation involves managers or supervisors directly monitoring and assessing the performance of employees or activities within an organization. While it is a valuable method of control, it is not necessarily a modern technique, as it has been used for a long time in various forms.

(4) Break even Analysis :Break-even analysis is a modern technique that helps in determining the point at which total revenue equals total costs, resulting in neither profit nor loss. It is a valuable tool for decision-making and is widely used in business and financial management for assessing the feasibility of various business strategies and activities .