The preposition "for" is often used to indicate the reason or cause behind a particular characteristic or reputation. In this case, Mathura's fame is attributed to its temples. The preposition "for" connects Mathura's fame to the reason for that fame, which is its temples.

"With," "by," and "among" are not the most suitable prepositions in this context. "With" and "by" do not convey the reason for fame, and "among" is typically used when discussing something within a group, which doesn't fit the meaning of the sentence.